1. 动名词概说
动名词既具有动词的性质,又具有名词的性质,因此叫动名词。
① 动名词的动词性质表现在,它可以和宾语或状语组成动名词短语
如:
My job is arranging the agenda for my boss.
我的工作是为老板安排日程。
I finished the project in a month by working overtime.
我靠加班在一个月内做完了这个项目。
② 动名词的名词性质表现在,它可以在句巾用作主语、宾语等
如:
Studying abroad can be a good experience.
留学是一种很好的经历。(作主语)
I regret telling her the truth.
我后悔告诉她事实真相了。(作宾语)
2. 动名词的形式和特征
动名词由“动词原形do – ing”构成。
动名词有以下时态与语态的变化:
① 动名词的一般式
1)一般式所表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生,表示经常性、习惯性的动作(或状态),也可能在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。
I enjoy skiing in nature.
我享受在大自然中滑雪。(enjoy与skiing同时发生)
He insisted on going with us.
他坚持跟我们一起去。(going发生在insisted on之后)
2)有的动名词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,如:
We don\’t remember reading the article before.
我们不记得以前看过这篇文章了。(reading发生在remember之前)
They will never forget running into the super model in the mall.
他们永远不会忘记在商场里偶遇那位超模。(running into发生在forget之前)
② 动名词的完成式
动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
如:
I remembered having met him before.
我记得之前见过他。
She denied having skipped class.
她否认逃课。
③ 动名词的被动式
动名词的被动式也有一般式与完成式两种。
Being abandoned by the owner happens to pets a lot.
有很多宠物被主人抛弃。(一般式)
Jeremy came to the party without being invited.
杰里米未被邀请就来参加了派对。(一般式)
Helen forgot having been taken to the zoo when she was three years old.
海伦忘记自己3岁时曾被带去动物园玩。(完成式)
The door showed no sign of having been fixed.
那扇门没有任何被修过的迹象。(完成式)
④ 动名词的否定式
动名词的否定式由“not 动名词”构成。
You will regret not following my advice.
你会后悔没听我的劝告。
I am sorry for not calling you back.
很抱歉没有回电话给你。
⑤ 动名词的复合结构
动名词复合结构由“物主代词或名词所有格 动名同”构成。
在动名词复合结构中,物主代词或名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。这种复合结构多用作主语或宾语,也可用作表语或介词宾语。当动名词短语作宾语,放在动词或介词后时,名词所有格或物主代词分别可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格代替。
如:
She suggested us forgiving him.
她建议我们原谅他。(作宾语)
His not knowing English brought him a lot of inconvenience.
他不懂英语,这给他带来许多麻烦。(作主语)
Our only worry is George’s overestimating himself.
我们唯一担心的就是乔治高估了他自己。(作表语)
I strongly object to your delivering the speech.
我强烈反对你发表讲话。(作介词宾语)
3. 动名词的用法
① 动名词作主语
Retelling stories is very useful.
复述故事是很有用的。
Her resigning surprises us.
她的辞职让我们很惊讶。
在一些句子中,常用 it 作形式主语,将动名词放在句子后面。此类句型有:
1) It is no use,no good,no fun/a great pleasure/a waste of time等名词 doing sth
It is no good crying.哭没有好处。
It is no use fixing.修也没有用。
It is great fun traveling.旅行很有趣。
It is a waste of time playing computer games.玩电脑游戏是浪费时间。
2) It is useless,nice,good,interesting,expensive等形容词 doing sth
It is useless crying.哭没有用。
It is nice meeting you again.真高兴再次见到你。
It is interesting sailing with you.和你一起航海真有趣。
② 动名词作表语
Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。
My idea is making a plan first.我的想法是先做一个计划出来。
动名词作表语时与现在进行时中的现在分词形式相同,但是两者所属结构完全不一样,不能混淆。
试比较:
His job was calling the clients.
他的工作是给客户打电话。(calling是动名词,用作表语)
He is calling the clients.
他正在给客人打电话。(calling是现在分词,与was构成过去进行时作谓语)
③ 动名词作宾语
动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语。
如:
I haven\’t finished reading today\’s newspaper.
我还没读完今天的报纸。(动名词reading作动词finish的宾语)
I\’m afraid of going to the dentist.
我害怕去看牙医。(动名词going作介词of的宾语)
④动名词作定语
Tiffany received an offer of her dreaming university.
蒂凡尼收到了她梦想中的大学的录取通知书。
1 would like to choose a house with a swimming pool.
我想选个带游泳池的房子。
4. 动名词与不定式的比较
① 动名词可以作介词的宾语,还可被名词所有格(或物主代词)修饰;不定式通常不作介词宾语,更不能被名词所有格(或物主代词)修饰。
She is afraid of going to the dentist.(√)
She is afraid of to go to the dentist.(×)
她害怕去看牙医。
② 固定用法
1)某些动词后只能加动名词,常见的此类动词有:admit,avoid,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,include,keep,miss,stop,suggest,give up 等,如:
I enjoy dancing.(√)
l enjoy to dance.(×)
我喜欢跳舞。
2)某些动词后只能加不定式,常见的此类动词有:agree,ask,claim,choose,decide,demand,determine,expect,fail,hope,manage,offer,promise,quit,refuse,resolve,wish 等,如:
l decide to quit smoking.(√)
l decide quitting smoking.(X)
我决定戒烟。
3)某些动词后面既可加动名词也可加不定式,常她的此类动词有:attempt,begin,continue,deserve,fear,forget,help,intend,learn,like,love,mean,need,prefer,regret,remember,start,try等,如:
She cannot help crying.她不禁哭了起来。
She cannot help to cook.她不能帮忙做饭。